Python Metaprogramming

One of the essential things that programmers should keep in mind is "do not repeat yourself". This means that programmers should not repeat the same code - in fact, they must re-use the code. Programmers must look for an elegant solution when they faced any problem of creating highly repetitive code. In Python, this problem can be solved using the concept of meta-programming.

Meta-programming is the concept of building functions and classes whose primary target is to manipulate code by modifying, wrapping, or generating existing code.

The significant features of meta-programming are:

• Decorators
• Metaclasses
• Class-decorators

There is also a varied range of useful topics that costs a considerable demand when coming under the umbrella of meta-programming such as signature objects, check for internal classes and functions, execution of 'exec ()' codes, etc. The default/base metaclass is called "type"; in some cases, programmers can gain control by manipulating or modifying the way classes are constructed - by adding extra accomplishment or injecting additional codes along with it. So, in these types of cases, programmers can use metaclass-programming some of the class-objects that already exist.

In other words, classes are just objects, so programmers can introduce the concept of meta-classes into their practice to customize their creations.

Putting Wrapper for a Function

Programmers can get the facility to add wrapper as a layer around a function to add extra processing capabilities such as timing, logging, etc. The simple code to do this is:

Example:

import time
from functools import wraps
def karltime(func):

#Decorator for reporting the execution time.
    @wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start = time.time()
    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
    end = time.time()
    print(func.__name__, end-start)
    return result
    return wrapper

Here is a program (connected with the previous program) segment that is using a simple decorator

Example:

@karltime
def countdown(n):
    while n > 0:
        n -= 1

The decorator in Python's meta-programming is a particular form of a function that takes functions as input and returns a new function as output.

There are some built-in decorators viz:

• @classmethod
• @staticmethod
• @property

Working of Metaclass

A metaclass can be any class that gets inherited from "type". It usually overrides either __new__ or __init__ to offer customized behavior. A custom-metaclass can be placed explicitly on a class like this:

Example:

class karlClass(object):

__metaclass__ = karlMeta

Another Meta Programming

Metaclass creates a class; usually, when we build class by writing the word 'class', the default metaclass "type" gets automatically invoked to build that class. Classes are often referred to as types and are fairly sensible. Programmers can also add base-classes, fields, and methods. The program showing how they are used:

Example:

def karl(self, myName):
    print("RAY, " + myName)

MyList = type('MyList', (list,), dict(x=62, karl=karl))

ml = MyList()
ml.append("Mango")
print(ml)
print(ml.x)
ml.karl("KARLOS")
print(ml.__class__.__class__)

Output:

['Mango']
62
RAY, KARLOS
<class 'type'="">

Metaclass Hooking

Until now, we have used the "type" metaclass directly; it involves hooking won operation into the creation of class objects and can be achieved by:

1. Writing a sub-class of the metaclass.
2. Inserting new metaclass using the 'metaclass hook'.